# This file is part of QuTiP: Quantum Toolbox in Python.
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# Copyright (c) 2011 and later, Paul D. Nation and Robert J. Johansson.
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from collections.abc import Iterable
from itertools import product
import numbers
import warnings
import inspect
import numpy as np
from copy import deepcopy
from qutip.qip import circuit_latex as _latex
from qutip.qip.operations.gates import (rx, ry, rz, sqrtnot, snot, phasegate,
x_gate, y_gate, z_gate, cy_gate,
cz_gate, s_gate, t_gate, cs_gate,
qasmu_gate, ct_gate, cphase, cnot,
csign, berkeley, swapalpha, swap,
iswap, sqrtswap, sqrtiswap, fredkin,
toffoli, controlled_gate, globalphase,
expand_operator, gate_sequence_product)
from qutip import tensor, basis, identity, ket2dm
from qutip.qobj import Qobj
from qutip.measurement import measurement_statistics
try:
from IPython.display import Image as DisplayImage, SVG as DisplaySVG
except ImportError:
# If IPython doesn't exist, then we set the nice display hooks to be simple
# pass-throughs.
def DisplayImage(data, *args, **kwargs):
return data
def DisplaySVG(data, *args, **kwargs):
return data
__all__ = ['Gate', 'QubitCircuit', 'Measurement',
'CircuitResult', 'CircuitSimulator']
_single_qubit_gates = ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "SNOT", "SQRTNOT", "PHASEGATE",
"X", "Y", "Z", "S", "T", "QASMU"]
_para_gates = ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "CPHASE", "SWAPalpha", "PHASEGATE",
"GLOBALPHASE", "CRX", "CRY", "CRZ", "QASMU"]
_ctrl_gates = ["CNOT", "CSIGN", "CRX", "CRY", "CRZ", "CY", "CZ",
"CS", "CT", "CPHASE"]
_swap_like = ["SWAP", "ISWAP", "SQRTISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "BERKELEY",
"SWAPalpha"]
_toffoli_like = ["TOFFOLI"]
_fredkin_like = ["FREDKIN"]
[docs]class Gate:
"""
Representation of a quantum gate, with its required parametrs, and target
and control qubits.
Parameters
----------
name : string
Gate name.
targets : list or int
Gate targets.
controls : list or int
Gate controls.
arg_value : float
Argument value(phi).
arg_label : string
Label for gate representation.
classical_controls : int or list of int, optional
indices of classical bits to control gate on.
control_value : int, optional
value of classical bits to control on, the classical controls are
interpreted as an integer with lowest bit being the first one.
If not specified, then the value is interpreted to be
2 ** len(classical_controls) - 1 (i.e. all classical controls are 1).
"""
def __init__(self, name, targets=None, controls=None,
arg_value=None, arg_label=None,
classical_controls=None, control_value=None):
"""
Create a gate with specified parameters.
"""
self.name = name
self.targets = None
self.controls = None
self.classical_controls = None
self.control_value = None
if not isinstance(targets, Iterable) and targets is not None:
self.targets = [targets]
else:
self.targets = targets
if not isinstance(controls, Iterable) and controls is not None:
self.controls = [controls]
else:
self.controls = controls
if (not isinstance(classical_controls, Iterable) and
classical_controls is not None):
self.classical_controls = [classical_controls]
else:
self.classical_controls = classical_controls
if (control_value is not None
and control_value < 2 ** len(classical_controls)):
self.control_value = control_value
for ind_list in [self.targets, self.controls, self.classical_controls]:
if isinstance(ind_list, Iterable):
all_integer = all(
[isinstance(ind, numbers.Integral) for ind in ind_list])
if not all_integer:
raise ValueError("Index of a qubit must be an integer")
if name in _single_qubit_gates:
if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 1:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name)
if self.controls:
raise ValueError("Gate %s cannot have a control" % name)
elif name in _swap_like:
if (self.targets is None) or (len(self.targets) != 2):
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires two targets" % name)
if self.controls:
raise ValueError("Gate %s cannot have a control" % name)
elif name in _ctrl_gates:
if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 1:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name)
if self.controls is None or len(self.controls) != 1:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one control" % name)
elif name in _fredkin_like:
if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 2:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name)
if self.controls is None or len(self.controls) != 1:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires two control" % name)
elif name in _toffoli_like:
if self.targets is None or len(self.targets) != 1:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires one target" % name)
if self.controls is None or len(self.controls) != 2:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires two control" % name)
if name in _para_gates:
if arg_value is None:
raise ValueError("Gate %s requires an argument value" % name)
else:
if (name in _GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL) and (arg_value is not None):
raise ValueError("Gate %s does not take argument value" % name)
self.arg_value = arg_value
self.arg_label = arg_label
def get_inds(self, N=None):
if self.controls:
return self.controls + self.targets
if self.targets:
return self.targets
else:
return list(range(N))
def __str__(self):
str_name = (("Gate(%s, targets=%s, controls=%s,"
" classical controls=%s, control_value=%s)")
% (self.name, self.targets,
self.controls, self.classical_controls,
self.control_value))
return str_name
def __repr__(self):
return str(self)
def _repr_latex_(self):
return str(self)
def _to_qasm(self, qasm_out):
"""
Pipe output of gate signature and application to QasmOutput object.
Parameters
----------
qasm_out: QasmOutput
object to store QASM output.
"""
qasm_gate = qasm_out.qasm_name(self.name)
if not qasm_gate:
error_str =\
"{} gate's qasm defn is not specified".format(self.name)
raise NotImplementedError(error_str)
if self.classical_controls:
err_msg = "Exporting controlled gates is not implemented yet."
raise NotImplementedError(err_msg)
else:
qasm_out.output(qasm_out._qasm_str(qasm_gate,
self.controls,
self.targets,
self.arg_value))
_GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL = {
'X': r'X',
'Y': r'Y',
'CY': r'C_y',
'Z': r'Z',
'CZ': r'C_z',
'S': r'S',
'CS': r'C_s',
'T': r'T',
'CT': r'C_t',
'RX': r'R_x',
'RY': r'R_y',
'RZ': r'R_z',
'CRX': r'R_x',
'CRY': r'R_y',
'CRZ': r'R_z',
'SQRTNOT': r'\sqrt{\rm NOT}',
'SNOT': r'{\rm H}',
'PHASEGATE': r'{\rm PHASE}',
'QASMU': r'{\rm QASM-U}',
'CPHASE': r'{\rm R}',
'CNOT': r'{\rm CNOT}',
'CSIGN': r'{\rm Z}',
'BERKELEY': r'{\rm BERKELEY}',
'SWAPalpha': r'{\rm SWAPalpha}',
'SWAP': r'{\rm SWAP}',
'ISWAP': r'{i}{\rm SWAP}',
'SQRTSWAP': r'\sqrt{\rm SWAP}',
'SQRTISWAP': r'\sqrt{{i}\rm SWAP}',
'FREDKIN': r'{\rm FREDKIN}',
'TOFFOLI': r'{\rm TOFFOLI}',
'GLOBALPHASE': r'{\rm Ph}',
}
def _gate_label(name, arg_label):
if name in _GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL:
gate_label = _GATE_NAME_TO_LABEL[name]
else:
warnings.warn("Unknown gate %s" % name)
gate_label = name
if arg_label:
return r'%s(%s)' % (gate_label, arg_label)
return r'%s' % gate_label
[docs]class Measurement:
"""
Representation of a quantum measurement, with its required parameters,
and target qubits.
Parameters
----------
name : string
Measurement name.
targets : list or int
Gate targets.
classical_store : int
Result of the measurment is stored in this
classical register of the circuit.
"""
def __init__(self, name, targets=None, index=None, classical_store=None):
"""
Create a measurement with specified parameters.
"""
self.name = name
self.targets = None
self.classical_store = classical_store
self.index = index
if not isinstance(targets, Iterable) and targets is not None:
self.targets = [targets]
else:
self.targets = targets
for ind_list in [self.targets]:
if isinstance(ind_list, Iterable):
all_integer = all(
[isinstance(ind, numbers.Integral) for ind in ind_list])
if not all_integer:
raise ValueError("Index of a qubit must be an integer")
[docs] def measurement_comp_basis(self, state):
'''
Measures a particular qubit (determined by the target)
whose ket vector/ density matrix is specified in the
computational basis and returns collapsed_states and probabilities
(retains full dimension).
Parameters
----------
state : ket or oper
state to be measured on specified by
ket vector or density matrix
Returns
-------
collapsed_states : List of Qobjs
the collapsed state obtained after measuring the qubits
and obtaining the qubit specified by the target in the
state specified by the index.
probabilities : List of floats
the probability of measuring a state in a the state
specified by the index.
'''
n = int(np.log2(state.shape[0]))
target = self.targets[0]
if target < n:
op0 = basis(2, 0) * basis(2, 0).dag()
op1 = basis(2, 1) * basis(2, 1).dag()
measurement_ops = [op0, op1]
else:
raise ValueError("target is not valid")
return measurement_statistics(state, measurement_ops,
targets=self.targets)
def __str__(self):
str_name = (("Measurement(%s, target=%s, classical_store=%s)") %
(self.name, self.targets, self.classical_store))
return str_name
def __repr__(self):
return str(self)
def _repr_latex_(self):
return str(self)
def _to_qasm(self, qasm_out):
"""
Pipe output of measurement to QasmOutput object.
Parameters
----------
qasm_out: QasmOutput
object to store QASM output.
"""
qasm_out.output("measure q[{}] -> c[{}]".format(self.targets[0],
self.classical_store))
[docs]class QubitCircuit:
"""
Representation of a quantum program/algorithm, maintaining a sequence
of gates.
Parameters
----------
N : int
Number of qubits in the system.
user_gates : dict
Define a dictionary of the custom gates. See examples for detail.
input_states : list
A list of string such as `0`,'+', "A", "Y". Only used for latex.
dims : list
A list of integer for the dimension of each composite system.
e.g [2,2,2,2,2] for 5 qubits system. If None, qubits system
will be the default option.
Examples
--------
>>> def user_gate():
... mat = np.array([[1., 0],
... [0., 1.j]])
... return Qobj(mat, dims=[[2], [2]])
>>> qubit_circuit = QubitCircuit(2, user_gates={"T":user_gate})
>>> qubit_circuit.add_gate("T", targets=[0])
"""
def __init__(self, N, input_states=None, output_states=None,
reverse_states=True, user_gates=None, dims=None, num_cbits=0):
# number of qubits in the register
self.N = N
self.reverse_states = reverse_states
self.gates = []
self.U_list = []
self.dims = dims
self.num_cbits = num_cbits
if input_states:
self.input_states = input_states
else:
self.input_states = [None for i in range(N+num_cbits)]
if output_states:
self.output_states = output_states
else:
self.output_states = [None for i in range(N+num_cbits)]
if user_gates is None:
self.user_gates = {}
else:
if isinstance(user_gates, dict):
self.user_gates = user_gates
else:
raise ValueError(
"`user_gate` takes a python dictionary of the form"
"{{str: gate_function}}, not {}".format(user_gates))
[docs] def add_state(self, state, targets=None, state_type="input"):
"""
Add an input or ouput state to the circuit. By default all the input
and output states will be initialized to `None`. A particular state can
be added by specifying the state and the qubit where it has to be added
along with the type as input or output.
Parameters
----------
state: str
The state that has to be added. It can be any string such as `0`,
'+', "A", "Y"
targets: list
A list of qubit positions where the given state has to be added.
state_type: str
One of either "input" or "output". This specifies whether the state
to be added is an input or output.
default: "input"
"""
if state_type == "input":
for i in targets:
self.input_states[i] = state
if state_type == "output":
for i in targets:
self.output_states[i] = state
[docs] def add_measurement(self, measurement, targets=None, index=None,
classical_store=None):
"""
Adds a measurement with specified parameters to the circuit.
Parameters
----------
name: string
Measurement name. If name is an instance of `Measuremnent`,
parameters are unpacked and added.
targets: list
Gate targets
index : list
Positions to add the gate.
classical_store : int
Classical register where result of measurement is stored.
"""
if isinstance(measurement, Measurement):
name = measurement.name
targets = measurement.targets
classical_store = measurement.classical_store
else:
name = measurement
if index is None:
self.gates.append(
Measurement(name, targets=targets,
classical_store=classical_store))
else:
for position in index:
self.gates.insert(
position,
Measurement(name, targets=targets,
classical_store=classical_store))
[docs] def add_gate(self, gate, targets=None, controls=None, arg_value=None,
arg_label=None, index=None,
classical_controls=None, control_value=None):
"""
Adds a gate with specified parameters to the circuit.
Parameters
----------
gate: string or :class:`.Gate`
Gate name. If gate is an instance of :class:`.Gate`, parameters are
unpacked and added.
targets: list
Gate targets.
controls: list
Gate controls.
arg_value: float
Argument value(phi).
arg_label: string
Label for gate representation.
index : list
Positions to add the gate.
classical_controls : int or list of int, optional
indices of classical bits to control gate on.
control_value : int, optional
value of classical bits to control on, the classical controls are
interpreted as an integer with lowest bit being the first one.
If not specified, then the value is interpreted to be
2 ** len(classical_controls) - 1
(i.e. all classical controls are 1).
"""
if isinstance(gate, Gate):
name = gate.name
targets = gate.targets
controls = gate.controls
arg_value = gate.arg_value
arg_label = gate.arg_label
classical_controls = gate.classical_controls
control_value = gate.control_value
else:
name = gate
if index is None:
gate = Gate(name, targets=targets, controls=controls,
arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label,
classical_controls=classical_controls,
control_value=control_value)
self.gates.append(gate)
else:
for position in index:
num_mes = (sum(isinstance(op, Measurement) for op
in self.gates[:position]))
gate = Gate(name, targets=targets, controls=controls,
arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label,
classical_controls=classical_controls,
control_value=control_value)
self.gates.insert(position, gate)
[docs] def add_1q_gate(self, name, start=0, end=None, qubits=None,
arg_value=None, arg_label=None,
classical_controls=None, control_value=None):
"""
Adds a single qubit gate with specified parameters on a variable
number of qubits in the circuit. By default, it applies the given gate
to all the qubits in the register.
Parameters
----------
name : string
Gate name.
start : int
Starting location of qubits.
end : int
Last qubit for the gate.
qubits : list
Specific qubits for applying gates.
arg_value : float
Argument value(phi).
arg_label : string
Label for gate representation.
"""
if name not in ["RX", "RY", "RZ", "SNOT", "SQRTNOT", "PHASEGATE",
"X", "Y", "Z", "S", "T", "QASMU"]:
raise ValueError("%s is not a single qubit gate" % name)
if qubits is not None:
for _, i in enumerate(qubits):
gate = Gate(name, targets=qubits[i], controls=None,
arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label,
classical_controls=classical_controls,
control_value=control_value)
self.gates.append(gate)
else:
if end is None:
end = self.N - 1
for i in range(start, end+1):
gate = Gate(name, targets=i, controls=None,
arg_value=arg_value, arg_label=arg_label,
classical_controls=classical_controls,
control_value=control_value)
self.gates.append(gate)
[docs] def add_circuit(self, qc, start=0):
"""
Adds a block of a qubit circuit to the main circuit.
Globalphase gates are not added.
Parameters
----------
qc : :class:`.QubitCircuit`
The circuit block to be added to the main circuit.
start : int
The qubit on which the first gate is applied.
"""
if self.N - start < qc.N:
raise NotImplementedError("Targets exceed number of qubits.")
for circuit_op in qc.gates:
if isinstance(circuit_op, Gate):
gate = circuit_op
if gate.name in ["RX", "RY", "RZ",
"SNOT", "SQRTNOT", "PHASEGATE", "QASMU"]:
self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start, None,
gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label)
elif gate.name in ["X", "Y", "Z", "S", "T"]:
self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start, None,
None, gate.arg_label)
elif gate.name in ["CPHASE", "CNOT", "CSIGN", "CRX", "CRY",
"CRZ", "CY", "CZ", "CS", "CT"]:
self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start,
gate.controls[0] + start, gate.arg_value,
gate.arg_label)
elif gate.name in ["BERKELEY", "SWAPalpha", "SWAP", "ISWAP",
"SQRTSWAP", "SQRTISWAP"]:
self.add_gate(gate.name,
[gate.targets[0] + start,
gate.targets[1] + start])
elif gate.name in ["TOFFOLI"]:
self.add_gate(gate.name, gate.targets[0] + start,
[gate.controls[0] + start,
gate.controls[1] + start], None, None)
elif gate.name in ["FREDKIN"]:
self.add_gate(gate.name,
[gate.targets[0] + start,
gate.targets[1] + start],
gate.controls + start, None, None)
elif gate.name in self.user_gates:
self.add_gate(
gate.name, targets=gate.targets,
arg_value=gate.arg_value)
else:
measurement = circuit_op
self.add_measurement(
measurement.name,
targets=[measurement.targets[0] + start],
classical_store=measurement.classical_store)
[docs] def remove_gate_or_measurement(self, index=None, end=None,
name=None, remove="first"):
"""
Remove a gate from a specific index or between two indexes or the
first, last or all instances of a particular gate.
Parameters
----------
index : int
Location of gate or measurement to be removed.
name : string
Gate or Measurement name to be removed.
remove : string
If first or all gates/measurements are to be removed.
"""
if index is not None:
if index > len(self.gates):
raise ValueError("Index exceeds number \
of gates + measurements.")
if end is not None and end <= len(self.gates):
for i in range(end - index):
self.gates.pop(index + i)
elif end is not None and end > self.N:
raise ValueError("End target exceeds number \
of gates + measurements.")
else:
self.gates.pop(index)
elif name is not None and remove == "first":
for circuit_op in self.gates:
if name == circuit_op.name:
self.gates.remove(circuit_op)
break
elif name is not None and remove == "last":
for i in reversed(range(len(self.gates))):
if name == self.gates[i].name:
self.gates.pop(i)
break
elif name is not None and remove == "all":
for i in reversed(range(len(self.gates))):
if name == self.gates[i].name:
self.gates.pop(i)
else:
self.gates.pop()
[docs] def reverse_circuit(self):
"""
Reverse an entire circuit of unitary gates.
Returns
-------
qubit_circuit : :class:`.QubitCircuit`
Return :class:`.QubitCircuit` of resolved gates for the
qubit circuit in the reverse order.
"""
temp = QubitCircuit(self.N, reverse_states=self.reverse_states,
num_cbits=self.num_cbits,
input_states=self.input_states,
output_states=self.output_states)
for circuit_op in reversed(self.gates):
if isinstance(circuit_op, Gate):
temp.add_gate(circuit_op)
else:
temp.add_measurement(circuit_op)
return temp
def _resolve_to_universal(self, gate, temp_resolved, basis_1q, basis_2q):
"""A dispatch method"""
if gate.name in basis_2q:
method = getattr(self, '_gate_basis_2q')
else:
if gate.name == "SWAP" and "ISWAP" in basis_2q:
method = getattr(self, '_gate_IGNORED')
else:
method = getattr(self, '_gate_' + str(gate.name))
method(gate, temp_resolved)
def _gate_IGNORED(self, gate, temp_resolved):
temp_resolved.append(gate)
_gate_RY = _gate_RZ = _gate_basis_2q = _gate_IGNORED
_gate_CNOT = _gate_RX = _gate_IGNORED
def _gate_SQRTNOT(self, gate, temp_resolved):
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=np.pi / 4, arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=np.pi / 2, arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
def _gate_SNOT(self, gate, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
def _gate_PHASEGATE(self, gate, temp_resolved):
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=gate.arg_value / 2,
arg_label=gate.arg_label))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label))
def _gate_NOTIMPLEMENTED(self, gate, temp_resolved):
raise NotImplementedError("Cannot be resolved in this basis")
_gate_PHASEGATE = _gate_BERKELEY = _gate_SWAPalpha = _gate_NOTIMPLEMENTED
_gate_SQRTSWAP = _gate_SQRTISWAP = _gate_NOTIMPLEMENTED
def _gate_CSIGN(self, gate, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets, gate.controls))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
def _gate_SWAP(self, gate, temp_resolved):
temp_resolved.append(
Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1]))
temp_resolved.append(
Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[1], gate.targets[0]))
temp_resolved.append(
Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1]))
def _gate_ISWAP(self, gate, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0],
gate.targets[1]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[1],
gate.targets[0]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0],
gate.targets[1]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets[1], None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets[0],
gate.targets[1]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
def _gate_FREDKIN(self, gate, temp_resolved):
pi = np.pi
temp_resolved += [
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.targets[1],
targets=gate.targets[0]),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi,
arg_label=r"\pi"),
Gate("RX",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi / 2,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=- pi / 2,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"),
Gate("RX",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi / 2,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi,
arg_label=r"\pi"),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.targets[0],
targets=gate.targets[1]),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=- pi / 4,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.controls,
targets=gate.targets[1]),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi / 4,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.targets[0],
targets=gate.targets[1]),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[0],
arg_value=pi / 4,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=- pi / 4,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.controls,
targets=gate.targets[1]),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.controls,
targets=gate.targets[0]),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.controls,
arg_value=pi / 4,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[0],
arg_value=- pi / 4,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.controls,
targets=gate.targets[0]),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=- 3 * pi / 4,
arg_label=r"-3\pi/4"),
Gate("RX",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi / 2,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=- pi / 2,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"),
Gate("RX",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi / 2,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"),
Gate("RZ",
controls=None,
targets=gate.targets[1],
arg_value=pi,
arg_label=r"\pi"),
Gate("CNOT",
controls=gate.targets[1],
targets=gate.targets[0]),
Gate("GLOBALPHASE",
controls=None,
targets=None,
arg_value=pi / 8,
arg_label=r"\pi/8")
]
def _gate_TOFFOLI(self, gate, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
quarter_pi = np.pi / 4
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=np.pi / 8,
arg_label=r"\pi/8"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[1], None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[0], None,
arg_value=quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.controls[1],
gate.controls[0]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[1], None,
arg_value=-quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.controls[1],
gate.controls[0]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls[1], None,
arg_value=-quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets,
gate.controls[0]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets,
gate.controls[1]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets,
gate.controls[0]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/4"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("CNOT", gate.targets,
gate.controls[1]))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
temp_resolved.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=np.pi, arg_label=r"\pi"))
def _gate_GLOBALPHASE(self, gate, temp_resolved):
temp_resolved.append(Gate(gate.name, gate.targets,
gate.controls,
gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label))
def _resolve_2q_basis(self, basis, qc_temp, temp_resolved):
"""Dispatch method"""
method = getattr(self, '_basis_' + str(basis), temp_resolved)
method(qc_temp, temp_resolved)
def _basis_CSIGN(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
for gate in temp_resolved:
if gate.name == "CNOT":
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("CSIGN", gate.targets,
gate.controls))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
else:
qc_temp.gates.append(gate)
def _basis_ISWAP(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
quarter_pi = np.pi / 4
for gate in temp_resolved:
if gate.name == "CNOT":
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", [gate.controls[0],
gate.targets[0]],
None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", [gate.controls[0],
gate.targets[0]], None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
elif gate.name == "SWAP":
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", gate.targets, None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", gate.targets, None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[1], None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("ISWAP", [gate.targets[1],
gate.targets[0]], None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets[0], None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
else:
qc_temp.gates.append(gate)
def _basis_SQRTSWAP(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
for gate in temp_resolved:
if gate.name == "CNOT":
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTSWAP", [gate.controls[0],
gate.targets[0]],
None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=np.pi,
arg_label=r"\pi"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTSWAP", [gate.controls[0],
gate.targets[0]], None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
else:
qc_temp.gates.append(gate)
def _basis_SQRTISWAP(self, qc_temp, temp_resolved):
half_pi = np.pi / 2
quarter_pi = np.pi / 4
for gate in temp_resolved:
if gate.name == "CNOT":
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTISWAP", [gate.controls[0],
gate.targets[0]],
None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=np.pi,
arg_label=r"\pi"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("SQRTISWAP", [gate.controls[0],
gate.targets[0]], None))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=quarter_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/4"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.controls, None,
arg_value=np.pi,
arg_label=r"\pi"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", None, None,
arg_value=3 * half_pi,
arg_label=r"3\pi/2"))
else:
qc_temp.gates.append(gate)
[docs] def run(self, state, cbits=None, U_list=None,
measure_results=None, precompute_unitary=False):
'''
Calculate the result of one instance of circuit run.
Parameters
----------
state : ket or oper
state vector or density matrix input.
cbits : List of ints, optional
initialization of the classical bits.
U_list: list of Qobj, optional
list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional
Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating
gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of
large number of repeat runs with different state inputs.
Returns
-------
final_state : Qobj
output state of the circuit run.
'''
if state.isket:
sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list, measure_results,
"state_vector_simulator",
precompute_unitary)
elif state.isoper:
sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list, measure_results,
"density_matrix_simulator",
precompute_unitary)
else:
raise TypeError("State is not a ket or a density matrix.")
return sim.run(state, cbits).get_final_states(0)
[docs] def run_statistics(self, state, U_list=None,
cbits=None, precompute_unitary=False):
'''
Calculate all the possible outputs of a circuit
(varied by measurement gates).
Parameters
----------
state : ket or oper
state vector or density matrix input.
cbits : List of ints, optional
initialization of the classical bits.
U_list: list of Qobj, optional
list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional
Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating
gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of
large number of repeat runs with different state inputs.
Returns
-------
result: CircuitResult
Return a CircuitResult object containing
output states and and their probabilities.
'''
if state.isket:
sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list,
mode="state_vector_simulator",
precompute_unitary=precompute_unitary)
elif state.isoper:
sim = CircuitSimulator(self, state, cbits, U_list,
mode="density_matrix_simulator",
precompute_unitary=precompute_unitary)
else:
raise TypeError("State is not a ket or a density matrix.")
return sim.run_statistics(state, cbits)
[docs] def resolve_gates(self, basis=["CNOT", "RX", "RY", "RZ"]):
"""
Unitary matrix calculator for N qubits returning the individual
steps as unitary matrices operating from left to right in the specified
basis.
Calls '_resolve_to_universal' for each gate, this function maps
each 'GATENAME' with its corresponding '_gate_basis_2q'
Subsequently calls _resolve_2q_basis for each basis, this function maps
each '2QGATENAME' with its corresponding '_basis_'
Parameters
----------
basis : list.
Basis of the resolved circuit.
Returns
-------
qc : :class:`.QubitCircuit`
Return :class:`.QubitCircuit` of resolved gates
for the qubit circuit in the desired basis.
"""
qc_temp = QubitCircuit(self.N, reverse_states=self.reverse_states,
num_cbits=self.num_cbits)
temp_resolved = []
basis_1q_valid = ["RX", "RY", "RZ"]
basis_2q_valid = ["CNOT", "CSIGN", "ISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "SQRTISWAP"]
num_measurements = len(list(filter(
lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement),
self.gates)))
if num_measurements > 0:
raise NotImplementedError("adjacent_gates must be called before \
measurements are added to the circuit")
if isinstance(basis, list):
basis_1q = []
basis_2q = []
for gate in basis:
if gate in basis_2q_valid:
basis_2q.append(gate)
elif gate in basis_1q_valid:
basis_1q.append(gate)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"%s is not a valid basis gate" % gate)
if len(basis_1q) == 1:
raise ValueError("Not sufficient single-qubit gates in basis")
if len(basis_1q) == 0:
basis_1q = ["RX", "RY", "RZ"]
else: # only one 2q gate is given as basis
basis_1q = ["RX", "RY", "RZ"]
if basis in basis_2q_valid:
basis_2q = [basis]
else:
raise ValueError("%s is not a valid two-qubit basis gate"
% basis)
for gate in self.gates:
if gate.name in ("X", "Y", "Z"):
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("GLOBALPHASE", arg_value=np.pi/2))
gate = Gate(
"R" + gate.name, targets=gate.targets, arg_value=np.pi)
try:
self._resolve_to_universal(gate, temp_resolved,
basis_1q, basis_2q)
except AttributeError:
exception = f"Gate {gate.name} cannot be resolved."
raise NotImplementedError(exception)
match = False
for basis_unit in ["CSIGN", "ISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "SQRTISWAP"]:
if basis_unit in basis_2q:
match = True
self._resolve_2q_basis(basis_unit, qc_temp, temp_resolved)
break
if not match:
qc_temp.gates = temp_resolved
if len(basis_1q) == 2:
temp_resolved = qc_temp.gates
qc_temp.gates = []
half_pi = np.pi / 2
for gate in temp_resolved:
if gate.name == "RX" and "RX" not in basis_1q:
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
elif gate.name == "RY" and "RY" not in basis_1q:
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RZ", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
elif gate.name == "RZ" and "RZ" not in basis_1q:
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=-half_pi,
arg_label=r"-\pi/2"))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RY", gate.targets, None,
gate.arg_value, gate.arg_label))
qc_temp.gates.append(Gate("RX", gate.targets, None,
arg_value=half_pi,
arg_label=r"\pi/2"))
else:
qc_temp.gates.append(gate)
qc_temp.gates = deepcopy(qc_temp.gates)
return qc_temp
[docs] def adjacent_gates(self):
"""
Method to resolve two qubit gates with non-adjacent control/s or
target/s in terms of gates with adjacent interactions.
Returns
-------
qubit_circuit: :class:`.QubitCircuit`
Return :class:`.QubitCircuit` of the gates
for the qubit circuit with the resolved non-adjacent gates.
"""
temp = QubitCircuit(self.N, reverse_states=self.reverse_states,
num_cbits=self.num_cbits)
swap_gates = ["SWAP", "ISWAP", "SQRTISWAP", "SQRTSWAP", "BERKELEY",
"SWAPalpha"]
num_measurements = len(list(filter(
lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement),
self.gates)))
if num_measurements > 0:
raise NotImplementedError("adjacent_gates must be called before \
measurements are added to the circuit")
for gate in self.gates:
if gate.name == "CNOT" or gate.name == "CSIGN":
start = min([gate.targets[0], gate.controls[0]])
end = max([gate.targets[0], gate.controls[0]])
i = start
while i < end:
if start + end - i - i == 1 and (end - start + 1) % 2 == 0:
# Apply required gate if control, target are adjacent
# to each other, provided |control-target| is even.
if end == gate.controls[0]:
temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i],
controls=[i + 1]))
else:
temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i + 1],
controls=[i]))
elif (start + end - i - i == 2 and
(end - start + 1) % 2 == 1):
# Apply a swap between i and its adjacent gate, then
# the required gate if and then another swap if control
# and target have one qubit between them, provided
# |control-target| is odd.
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1]))
if end == gate.controls[0]:
temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name,
targets=[i + 1],
controls=[i + 2]))
else:
temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name,
targets=[i + 2],
controls=[i + 1]))
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1]))
i += 1
else:
# Swap the target/s and/or control with their adjacent
# qubit to bring them closer.
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1]))
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP",
targets=[start + end - i - 1,
start + end - i]))
i += 1
elif gate.name in swap_gates:
start = min([gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1]])
end = max([gate.targets[0], gate.targets[1]])
i = start
while i < end:
if start + end - i - i == 1 and (end - start + 1) % 2 == 0:
temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name, targets=[i, i + 1]))
elif ((start + end - i - i) == 2 and
(end - start + 1) % 2 == 1):
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1]))
temp.gates.append(Gate(gate.name,
targets=[i + 1, i + 2]))
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1]))
i += 1
else:
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP", targets=[i, i + 1]))
temp.gates.append(Gate("SWAP",
targets=[start + end - i - 1,
start + end - i]))
i += 1
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"`adjacent_gates` is not defined for "
"gate {}.".format(gate.name))
temp.gates = deepcopy(temp.gates)
return temp
[docs] def propagators(self, expand=True):
"""
Propagator matrix calculator for N qubits returning the individual
steps as unitary matrices operating from left to right.
Returns
-------
U_list : list
Return list of unitary matrices for the qubit circuit.
"""
if not expand:
return self.propagators_no_expand()
self.U_list = []
gates = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, Gate), self.gates)
for gate in gates:
if gate.name == "RX":
self.U_list.append(rx(
gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "RY":
self.U_list.append(ry(
gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "RZ":
self.U_list.append(rz(
gate.arg_value, self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "X":
self.U_list.append(x_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "Y":
self.U_list.append(y_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CY":
self.U_list.append(cy_gate(
self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "Z":
self.U_list.append(z_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CZ":
self.U_list.append(cz_gate(
self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "T":
self.U_list.append(t_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CT":
self.U_list.append(ct_gate(
self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "S":
self.U_list.append(s_gate(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CS":
self.U_list.append(cs_gate(
self.N, gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "SQRTNOT":
self.U_list.append(sqrtnot(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "SNOT":
self.U_list.append(snot(self.N, gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "PHASEGATE":
self.U_list.append(phasegate(gate.arg_value, self.N,
gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "QASMU":
self.U_list.append(qasmu_gate(gate.arg_value, self.N,
gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CRX":
self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rx(gate.arg_value),
N=self.N,
control=gate.controls[0],
target=gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CRY":
self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(ry(gate.arg_value),
N=self.N,
control=gate.controls[0],
target=gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CRZ":
self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rz(gate.arg_value),
N=self.N,
control=gate.controls[0],
target=gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CPHASE":
self.U_list.append(cphase(gate.arg_value, self.N,
gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CNOT":
self.U_list.append(cnot(self.N,
gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "CSIGN":
self.U_list.append(csign(self.N,
gate.controls[0], gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "BERKELEY":
self.U_list.append(berkeley(self.N, gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "SWAPalpha":
self.U_list.append(swapalpha(gate.arg_value, self.N,
gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "SWAP":
self.U_list.append(swap(self.N, gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "ISWAP":
self.U_list.append(iswap(self.N, gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "SQRTSWAP":
self.U_list.append(sqrtswap(self.N, gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "SQRTISWAP":
self.U_list.append(sqrtiswap(self.N, gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "FREDKIN":
self.U_list.append(fredkin(self.N, gate.controls[0],
gate.targets))
elif gate.name == "TOFFOLI":
self.U_list.append(toffoli(self.N, gate.controls,
gate.targets[0]))
elif gate.name == "GLOBALPHASE":
self.U_list.append(globalphase(gate.arg_value, self.N))
elif gate.name in self.user_gates:
if gate.controls is not None:
raise ValueError("A user defined gate {} takes only "
"`targets` variable.".format(gate.name))
func_or_oper = self.user_gates[gate.name]
if inspect.isfunction(func_or_oper):
func = func_or_oper
para_num = len(inspect.getfullargspec(func)[0])
if para_num == 0:
oper = func()
elif para_num == 1:
oper = func(gate.arg_value)
else:
raise ValueError(
"gate function takes at most one parameters.")
elif isinstance(func_or_oper, Qobj):
oper = func_or_oper
else:
raise ValueError("gate is neither function nor operator")
self.U_list.append(expand_operator(
oper, N=self.N, targets=gate.targets, dims=self.dims))
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"{} gate is an unknown gate.".format(gate.name))
return self.U_list
[docs] def propagators_no_expand(self):
"""
Propagator matrix calculator for N qubits returning the individual
steps as unitary matrices operating from left to right.
Returns
-------
U_list : list
Return list of unitary matrices for the qubit circuit.
"""
self.U_list = []
gates = filter(lambda x: isinstance(x, Gate), self.gates)
for gate in gates:
if gate.name == "RX":
self.U_list.append(rx(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "RY":
self.U_list.append(ry(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "RZ":
self.U_list.append(rz(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "X":
self.U_list.append(x_gate())
elif gate.name == "Y":
self.U_list.append(y_gate())
elif gate.name == "CY":
self.U_list.append(cy_gate())
elif gate.name == "Z":
self.U_list.append(z_gate())
elif gate.name == "CZ":
self.U_list.append(cz_gate())
elif gate.name == "T":
self.U_list.append(t_gate())
elif gate.name == "CT":
self.U_list.append(ct_gate())
elif gate.name == "S":
self.U_list.append(s_gate())
elif gate.name == "CS":
self.U_list.append(cs_gate())
elif gate.name == "SQRTNOT":
self.U_list.append(sqrtnot())
elif gate.name == "SNOT":
self.U_list.append(snot())
elif gate.name == "PHASEGATE":
self.U_list.append(phasegate(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "QASMU":
self.U_list.append(qasmu_gate(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "CRX":
self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rx(gate.arg_value)))
elif gate.name == "CRY":
self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(ry(gate.arg_value)))
elif gate.name == "CRZ":
self.U_list.append(controlled_gate(rz(gate.arg_value)))
elif gate.name == "CPHASE":
self.U_list.append(cphase(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "CNOT":
self.U_list.append(cnot())
elif gate.name == "CSIGN":
self.U_list.append(csign())
elif gate.name == "BERKELEY":
self.U_list.append(berkeley())
elif gate.name == "SWAPalpha":
self.U_list.append(swapalpha(gate.arg_value))
elif gate.name == "SWAP":
self.U_list.append(swap())
elif gate.name == "ISWAP":
self.U_list.append(iswap())
elif gate.name == "SQRTSWAP":
self.U_list.append(sqrtswap())
elif gate.name == "SQRTISWAP":
self.U_list.append(sqrtiswap())
elif gate.name == "FREDKIN":
self.U_list.append(fredkin())
elif gate.name == "TOFFOLI":
self.U_list.append(toffoli())
elif gate.name == "GLOBALPHASE":
self.U_list.append(globalphase(gate.arg_value, n))
elif gate.name in self.user_gates:
if gate.controls is not None:
raise ValueError("A user defined gate {} takes only "
"`targets` variable.".format(gate.name))
func_or_oper = self.user_gates[gate.name]
if inspect.isfunction(func_or_oper):
func = func_or_oper
para_num = len(inspect.getfullargspec(func)[0])
if para_num == 0:
oper = func()
elif para_num == 1:
oper = func(gate.arg_value)
else:
raise ValueError(
"gate function takes at most one parameters.")
elif isinstance(func_or_oper, Qobj):
oper = func_or_oper
else:
raise ValueError("gate is neither function nor operator")
self.U_list.append(oper)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"{} gate is an unknown gate.".format(gate.name))
return self.U_list
def latex_code(self):
rows = []
ops = self.gates
col = []
for op in ops:
if isinstance(op, Gate):
gate = op
col = []
_swap_processing = False
for n in range(self.N+self.num_cbits):
if gate.targets and n in gate.targets:
if len(gate.targets) > 1:
if gate.name == "SWAP":
if _swap_processing:
col.append(r" \qswap \qw")
continue
distance = abs(
gate.targets[1] - gate.targets[0])
col.append(r" \qswap \qwx[%d] \qw" % distance)
_swap_processing = True
elif ((self.reverse_states and
n == max(gate.targets)) or
(not self.reverse_states and
n == min(gate.targets))):
col.append(r" \multigate{%d}{%s} " %
(len(gate.targets) - 1,
_gate_label(gate.name,
gate.arg_label)))
else:
col.append(r" \ghost{%s} " %
(_gate_label(gate.name,
gate.arg_label)))
elif gate.name == "CNOT":
col.append(r" \targ ")
elif gate.name == "CY":
col.append(r" \targ ")
elif gate.name == "CZ":
col.append(r" \targ ")
elif gate.name == "CS":
col.append(r" \targ ")
elif gate.name == "CT":
col.append(r" \targ ")
elif gate.name == "TOFFOLI":
col.append(r" \targ ")
else:
col.append(r" \gate{%s} " %
_gate_label(gate.name, gate.arg_label))
elif gate.controls and n in gate.controls:
control_tag = (-1 if
self.reverse_states
else 1) * (gate.targets[0] - n)
col.append(r" \ctrl{%d} " % control_tag)
elif (gate.classical_controls and
(n - self.N) in gate.classical_controls):
control_tag = n - gate.targets[0]
col.append(r" \ctrl{%d} " % control_tag)
elif (not gate.controls and not gate.targets):
# global gate
if ((self.reverse_states and n == self.N - 1) or
(not self.reverse_states and n == 0)):
col.append(r" \multigate{%d}{%s} " %
(self.N - 1,
_gate_label(gate.name,
gate.arg_label)))
else:
col.append(r" \ghost{%s} " %
(_gate_label(gate.name,
gate.arg_label)))
else:
col.append(r" \qw ")
else:
measurement = op
col = []
for n in range(self.N+self.num_cbits):
if n in measurement.targets:
col.append(r" \meter")
elif (n-self.N) == measurement.classical_store:
store_tag = n - measurement.targets[0]
col.append(r" \qw \cwx[%d] " % store_tag)
else:
col.append(r" \qw ")
col.append(r" \qw ")
rows.append(col)
input_states_quantum = [r"\lstick{\ket{" + x + "}}" if x is not None
else "" for x in self.input_states[:self.N]]
input_states_classical = [r"\lstick{" + x + "}" if x is not None
else "" for x in self.input_states[self.N:]]
input_states = input_states_quantum + input_states_classical
code = ""
n_iter = (reversed(range(self.N+self.num_cbits)) if self.reverse_states
else range(self.N+self.num_cbits))
for n in n_iter:
code += r" & %s" % input_states[n]
for m in range(len(ops)):
code += r" & %s" % rows[m][n]
code += r" & \qw \\ " + "\n"
return code
# This slightly convoluted dance with the conversion formats is because
# image conversion has optional dependencies. We always want the `png` and
# `svg` methods to be available so that they are discoverable by the user,
# however if one is called without the required dependency, then they'll
# get a `RuntimeError` explaining the problem. We only want the IPython
# magic methods `_repr_xxx_` to be defined if we know that the image
# conversion is available, so the user doesn't get exceptions on display
# because IPython tried to do something behind their back.
def _raw_png(self):
return _latex.image_from_latex(self.latex_code(), "png")
if 'png' in _latex.CONVERTERS:
_repr_png_ = _raw_png
@property
def png(self):
return DisplayImage(self._raw_png(), embed=True)
def _raw_svg(self):
return _latex.image_from_latex(self.latex_code(), "svg")
if 'svg' in _latex.CONVERTERS:
_repr_svg_ = _raw_svg
@property
def svg(self):
return DisplaySVG(self._raw_svg())
def _to_qasm(self, qasm_out):
"""
Pipe output of circuit object to QasmOutput object.
Parameters
----------
qasm_out: QasmOutput
object to store QASM output.
"""
qasm_out.output("qreg q[{}];".format(self.N))
if self.num_cbits:
qasm_out.output("creg c[{}];".format(self.num_cbits))
qasm_out.output(n=1)
for op in self.gates:
if ((not isinstance(op, Measurement))
and not qasm_out.is_defined(op.name)):
qasm_out._qasm_defns(op)
for op in self.gates:
op._to_qasm(qasm_out)
[docs]class CircuitResult:
def __init__(self, final_states, probabilities, cbits=None):
"""
Store result of CircuitSimulator.
Parameters
----------
final_states: list of Qobj.
List of output kets or density matrices.
probabilities: list of float.
List of probabilities of obtaining each output state.
cbits: list of list of int, optional
List of cbits for each output.
"""
if isinstance(final_states, Qobj) or final_states is None:
self.final_states = [final_states]
self.probabilities = [probabilities]
if cbits:
self.cbits = [cbits]
else:
inds = list(filter(lambda x: final_states[x] is not None,
range(len(final_states))))
self.final_states = [final_states[i] for i in inds]
self.probabilities = [probabilities[i] for i in inds]
if cbits:
self.cbits = [cbits[i] for i in inds]
[docs] def get_final_states(self, index=None):
"""
Return list of output states.
Parameters
----------
index: int
Indicates i-th state to be returned.
Returns
----------
final_states: Qobj or list of Qobj.
List of output kets or density matrices.
"""
if index is not None:
return self.final_states[index]
return self.final_states
[docs] def get_probabilities(self, index=None):
"""
Return list of probabilities corresponding to the output states.
Parameters
----------
index: int
Indicates i-th probability to be returned.
Returns
-------
probabilities: float or list of float
Probabilities associated with each output state.
"""
if index is not None:
return self.probabilities[index]
return self.probabilities
[docs] def get_cbits(self, index=None):
"""
Return list of classical bit outputs corresponding to the results.
Parameters
----------
index: int
Indicates i-th output, probability pair to be returned.
Returns
-------
cbits: list of int or list of list of int
list of classical bit outputs
"""
if index is not None:
return self.cbits[index]
return self.cbits
[docs]class CircuitSimulator:
def __init__(self, qc, state=None, cbits=None,
U_list=None, measure_results=None,
mode="state_vector_simulator", precompute_unitary=False):
"""
Simulate state evolution for Quantum Circuits.
Parameters
----------
qc: :class:`.QubitCircuit`
Quantum Circuit to be simulated.
state: ket or oper
ket or density matrix
cbits: list of int, optional
initial value of classical bits
U_list: list of Qobj, optional
list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
mode: string, optional
Specify if input state (and therefore computation) is in
state-vector mode or in density matrix mode.
In state_vector_simulator mode, the input must be a ket
and with each measurement, one of the collapsed
states is the new state (when using run()).
In density_matrix_simulator mode, the input can be a ket or a
density matrix and after measurement, the new state is the
mixed ensemble state obtained after the measurement.
If in density_matrix_simulator mode and given
a state vector input, the output must be assumed to
be a density matrix.
precompute_unitary: Boolean, optional
Specify if computation is done by pre-computing and aggregating
gate unitaries. Possibly a faster method in the case of
large number of repeat runs with different state inputs.
"""
self.qc = qc
self.mode = mode
self.precompute_unitary = precompute_unitary
if U_list:
self.U_list = U_list
elif precompute_unitary:
self.U_list = qc.propagators(expand=False)
else:
self.U_list = qc.propagators()
self.ops = []
self.inds_list = []
if precompute_unitary:
self._process_ops_precompute()
else:
self._process_ops()
self.initialize(state, cbits, measure_results)
def _process_ops(self):
'''
Process list of gates (including measurements), and stores
them in self.ops (as unitaries) for further computation.
'''
U_list_index = 0
for operation in self.qc.gates:
if isinstance(operation, Measurement):
self.ops.append(operation)
elif isinstance(operation, Gate):
if operation.classical_controls:
self.ops.append((operation, self.U_list[U_list_index]))
else:
self.ops.append(self.U_list[U_list_index])
U_list_index += 1
def _process_ops_precompute(self):
'''
Process list of gates (including measurements), aggregate
gate unitaries (by multiplying) and store them in self.ops
for further computation. The gate multiplication is carried out
only for groups of matrices in between classically controlled gates
and measurement gates.
Examples
--------
If we have a circuit that looks like:
----|X|-----|Y|----|M0|-----|X|----
then self.ops = [YX, M0, X]
'''
prev_index = 0
U_list_index = 0
for gate in self.qc.gates:
if isinstance(gate, Measurement):
continue
else:
self.inds_list.append(gate.get_inds(self.qc.N))
for operation in self.qc.gates:
if isinstance(operation, Measurement):
if U_list_index > prev_index:
self.ops.append(self._compute_unitary(
self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index]))
prev_index = U_list_index
self.ops.append(operation)
elif isinstance(operation, Gate):
if operation.classical_controls:
if U_list_index > prev_index:
self.ops.append(
self._compute_unitary(
self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index]))
prev_index = U_list_index
self.ops.append((operation, self.U_list[prev_index]))
prev_index += 1
U_list_index += 1
else:
U_list_index += 1
if U_list_index > prev_index:
self.ops.append(self._compute_unitary(
self.U_list[prev_index:U_list_index],
self.inds_list[prev_index:U_list_index]))
prev_index = U_list_index + 1
U_list_index = prev_index
[docs] def initialize(self, state=None, cbits=None, measure_results=None):
'''
Reset Simulator state variables to start a new run.
Parameters
----------
state: ket or oper
ket or density matrix
cbits: list of int, optional
initial value of classical bits
U_list: list of Qobj, optional
list of predefined unitaries corresponding to circuit.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
'''
if cbits and len(cbits) == self.qc.num_cbits:
self.cbits = cbits
elif self.qc.num_cbits > 0:
self.cbits = [0] * self.qc.num_cbits
else:
self.cbits = None
self.state = None
if state is not None:
if state.shape[0] != 2 ** self.qc.N:
raise ValueError("dimension of state is incorrect")
if self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator" and state.isket:
self.state = ket2dm(state)
else:
self.state = state
self.probability = 1
self.op_index = 0
self.measure_results = measure_results
self.measure_ind = 0
def _compute_unitary(self, U_list, inds_list):
'''
Compute unitary corresponding to a product of unitaries in U_list
and expand it to size of circuit.
Parameters
----------
U_list: list of Qobj
list of predefined unitaries.
inds_list: list of list of int
list of qubit indices corresponding to each unitary in U_list
Returns
-------
U: Qobj
resultant unitary
'''
U_overall, overall_inds = gate_sequence_product(U_list,
inds_list=inds_list,
expand=True)
if len(overall_inds) != self.qc.N:
U_overall = expand_operator(U_overall,
N=self.qc.N,
targets=overall_inds)
return U_overall
[docs] def run(self, state, cbits=None, measure_results=None):
'''
Calculate the result of one instance of circuit run.
Parameters
----------
state : ket or oper
state vector or density matrix input.
cbits : List of ints, optional
initialization of the classical bits.
measure_results : tuple of ints, optional
optional specification of each measurement result to enable
post-selection. If specified, the measurement results are
set to the tuple of bits (sequentially) instead of being
chosen at random.
Returns
-------
result: CircuitResult
Return a CircuitResult object containing
output state and probability.
'''
self.initialize(state, cbits, measure_results)
for _ in range(len(self.ops)):
if self.step() is None:
break
return CircuitResult(self.state, self.probability, self.cbits)
[docs] def run_statistics(self, state, cbits=None):
'''
Calculate all the possible outputs of a circuit
(varied by measurement gates).
Parameters
----------
state : ket
state to be observed on specified by density matrix.
cbits : List of ints, optional
initialization of the classical bits.
Returns
-------
result: CircuitResult
Return a CircuitResult object containing
output states and and their probabilities.
'''
probabilities = []
states = []
cbits_results = []
num_measurements = len(list(filter(
lambda x: isinstance(x, Measurement),
self.qc.gates)))
for results in product("01", repeat=num_measurements):
run_result = self.run(state, cbits=cbits, measure_results=results)
final_state = run_result.get_final_states(0)
probability = run_result.get_probabilities(0)
states.append(final_state)
probabilities.append(probability)
cbits_results.append(self.cbits)
return CircuitResult(states, probabilities, cbits_results)
[docs] def step(self):
'''
Return state after one step of circuit evolution
(gate or measurement).
Returns
-------
state : ket or oper
state after one evolution step.
'''
op = self.ops[self.op_index]
if isinstance(op, Measurement):
self._apply_measurement(op)
elif isinstance(op, tuple):
operation, U = op
apply_gate = all([self.cbits[i] for i
in operation.classical_controls])
if apply_gate:
if self.precompute_unitary:
U = expand_operator(U, self.qc.N,
operation.get_inds(self.qc.N))
self._evolve_state(U)
else:
self._evolve_state(op)
self.op_index += 1
return self.state
def _evolve_state(self, U):
'''
Applies unitary to state.
Parameters
----------
U: Qobj
unitary to be applied.
'''
if self.mode == "state_vector_simulator":
self._evolve_ket(U)
elif self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator":
self._evolve_dm(U)
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"mode {} is not available.".format(self.mode))
def _evolve_ket(self, U):
'''
Applies unitary to ket state.
Parameters
----------
U: Qobj
unitary to be applied.
'''
self.state = U * self.state
def _evolve_dm(self, U):
'''
Applies unitary to density matrix state.
Parameters
----------
U: Qobj
unitary to be applied.
'''
self.state = U * self.state * U.dag()
def _apply_measurement(self, operation):
'''
Applies measurement gate specified by operation to current state.
Parameters
----------
operation: :class:`.Measurement`
Measurement gate in a circuit object.
'''
states, probabilities = operation.measurement_comp_basis(self.state)
if self.mode == "state_vector_simulator":
if self.measure_results:
i = int(self.measure_results[self.measure_ind])
self.measure_ind += 1
else:
probabilities = [p/sum(probabilities) for p in probabilities]
i = np.random.choice([0, 1], p=probabilities)
self.probability *= probabilities[i]
self.state = states[i]
if operation.classical_store is not None:
self.cbits[operation.classical_store] = i
elif self.mode == "density_matrix_simulator":
states = list(filter(lambda x: x is not None, states))
probabilities = list(filter(lambda x: x != 0, probabilities))
self.state = sum(p * s for s, p in zip(states, probabilities))
else:
raise NotImplementedError(
"mode {} is not available.".format(self.mode))